1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2023
  
HCL-452:    (AD1450-1708)
 :    : 100
:        , -       
 .                
-
1.    '    -     
2.            
-
3.              
4.   (1539-1606)         
-
5.            
6.          
2
Easy2Siksha
-
7.              
8.           
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2023
  
HCL-452:    (AD1450-1708)
 :    : 100
:        , -       
 .                
-
1.    '    -     
:      (1450-1708 .)
-
   1450  1708            ,
               
,  -   '   
1.  
     ,         
    
  
  :    ,       
  
:           
,     
 

  :          
     ,          

4
Easy2Siksha

  :         
  
:       -  
       

  :     ,  -   
      
   
  :  ,       
  
:        
    

  :    ,         
        
2.  
           ,     
 

  :      
  
:     '       
   

  :        ,    
      

  :      ,     
  
:           
 

  :      ,    
      
--
  :   
  
:          
     
5
Easy2Siksha
 
 : 
     ,    
            
3.  
                
 
  :   '               

  
:   -     


 
 :             -
   
    
  :          
  
: 17
       

 

  :     ,   -    
    
4.  
            
  
  : 17
          
 
  
:  -      , 
      
 
 :          
  ,          
5.  
              ,  
      
François Bernier  
  :17
           
6
Easy2Siksha
  
:         , 
     

  :   ,   -    
  
-       
  :            
  
:       ,  
     
 
 : 
   ,     -
     
6.    
    -        
--
  :      , 17
    
    
  
:     -   
     

  :
     -   
       
 
  :17
     18
        
     
  
:           

 

  :  -,  -     
      
7.  
      ,          
   
--
  :      ,   
7
Easy2Siksha
  
:          


  :
  ,  ,  ,   
     
 
  :18
             
  
:       ,     
   
 
 : 
   ,   ,   
    

         ,  1450  1708    
            ,  ,
 ,  ,          ,
                 
              
     
 -    , 
        

  -     ,       
 ,            
       --    ,    
          ,       
      
2.            
:    1469  1539   ,   
    
     '        
,            
            
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 :
15
    16
           
,              ,    
,      :
1.  :              
            
2.    :        ,      
 1526      
3.  : -        -   
-      
      -      , 
              
      
 :
            :
1.  :  , -      
    ,       
2. :     ,       , 
      
3.  :            ,  
      '   
4.  :        ,       
    
5.  :           
 -    -        
            
 :
           :
1.  :       ,      
    (),  (),  (),    ( ) 
2. :  ' '   ,        
            
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3.   :  '         ,   
      '   
4.  :     '     ,   
,  (  )   (  )   

 :
   '   ,      :
1. :   ,       , -
           
2. :,       '  ,   
    ,         
3. :   ,   ,       
 
4. :         '  
  :
           '  :
1.  :     '    ,
     '    
2.  :    '   ,   
    
3.  :        
 

4.  :  ,   '      
     
   :
   ,     :
1. :            
  
2. :     ,       

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Easy2Siksha
3. :    ,       
, -   
4. :            


     :
       :
1.  :          
 ,       
2.  :           

3. :        ,    
       
4. :        
   
5. :    ,       
  
        :
               
:
1.   :  -    ,        
2.   ' :          

3. -  :         - 
 ,   '  
4.  :   ,        
(   )   
5.  :        ,  
     
6.   :            
       
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       :
              :
1.    
:            
       
2.   :            
      
3. - : -         - 
 
4.    :     ,  
             

         :
1.  :             
             
              ,
        ,     
     '     , "  
,  

,"  
         
2.  : -       ,    
               
     ,         
   ,      ,  
   
  ,          
3.   :15
-16
        
              
      , "     ,   , 
   ,           ,   
  ,  ,    
 ,     
  ,       ;     
  ,  
  

4.  :   -       
            ,   
""     ""        
      '         
 
12
Easy2Siksha
5.  :          
          ( )  
  ( )          
  ,          
         
6.   :,        
,       ,     
         ,   
   
 
7.    :      -  -
             
              
          

        :
      ,         
     :
1. 1469:        (  , )  
2. 1483:,     ,  (  ) 
  
3. 1498:     ,        
  
 
4. 1517:          ,    
  
 
5. 1526:   ;         
 
6. 1539:         
  
              
           -   
   '          
     :
                   
 :
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1.    :          
     ,       
2.   :          
    '     
3.    :        '   
       
4. - :        -   
  -     
5.  :          
       
6.  : ,     '      -
        
:
         ,  , 
             
        -      , 
       
              
,  ,  ,   -     
               
        
                
       ,       
,              
  ,         '    
    ,             
   
               
                   
                
     
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-
3.              
:
1469                
,       -    ,     
           ,    ' 
  :
1.  
2.    
3.    
4.     
5.   
6.  :
15
 ,   -           
:
a)  :                
       -      

b) : 15
              
       -      
c)   :       
,          

d)  :  ,            
       ,         
     
        
 
2.    :
          :
a)  :
 -  
 ,        
15
Easy2Siksha
      
    
-   
     
     
            ,  
  (, , , ,  )       
 
b) :
  ()       
   ()
     
 ()
 ()   
             ,    
      '  ,   '  
c)   :
   ' 
        
 
 
          ,       
 -     
d)  :
 ()  
 
 
     
            ,   
       
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Easy2Siksha
3.    :
     15
       
  :
a)  :
      ,         
        
-     ,     ()  

b)  :
   -   
 -         
-          
c)  :
      
      ,          

          
           
:
           
          
     
-      
4.    :
           (  ,    
)                  

a)  :             
      '           :
-   
  ()  ' 
17
Easy2Siksha
      
     
    ,      ,    
 
         :
:            
:      -   
:       
   '  
b)  :             '     
        '        
    :
     ' 
        ()
       
 -    
 ( )           
       :
   :        -    
 
  :   -      
 '  
  :      
        :
 :13
            

  :       
 ,      
   
 
        :
    
    ' 
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   
     
         ,     
  
5.    :
        , 15
       
   :
a)  :
           
     ( )     
    
b)  :
-        
  
          
  
c)  :
-  ,         
     - '    - ' 
 () 
d)   :
          '   

          
 
e)   :
    (  )       
 
        '    ,  
     
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f)  :
-            
 
         
           ,   
            
:        
 
     ,  
          
         :
1. :       ,    ,
       -    
-    
2.  :            
   ,        
         
3.  :     , ,       '
             
  
4. : -        ,   '
              - 
    
5.     :    
             
        
6.    :          
         ,   
        
7.  :            
 ,             
 
8.  :           

      
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Easy2Siksha
9.   :       
  '    ,       
     
10.   :     -     
'      ,        
            
          1469 .      
          ,    
               
,     
   ,      
,      
             :
  ,    
-   
      ()  
     
     ()  
  '        '  
  ,             
'    15
         
        
  ,           , 
,  ,           
               ,
     ,            
  
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Easy2Siksha
4.   (1539-1606)         
..:
1469               
 ,       -    ,    
            ,    '
   :
1.  
2.    
3.    
4.     
5.   
6.   :
15
 ,   -           
:
a)  :                
       -      

b) :15
 ,             
         -      
c)   :     
,          

d)  :  ,            
       ,         
     
        
 
2.    :
          :
a)  :
 -  
 ,        
      
    
-   
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     
     
            ,  
  (, , , ,  )       
 
b) :
  ()       
   ()
     
 ()
 ()   
             ,    
      '  ,   '  
c)   :
   ' 
        
 
 
          ,       
 -     
d)  :
 ()  
 
 
     
            ,   
       
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3.    :
     15
       
  :
a)  :
      ,         
        
-     ,     ()  

b)  :
   -   
 -         
-          
c)  :
      
      ,          

          
           
:
           
          
     
-      
4.    :
           (  ,    
)                  

a)  :             
      '           :
-   
  ()  ' 
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      
     
    ,      ,    
 
         :
:           
:         
:       
   '  
b)  :              '   
          '      
      :
     ' 
        ()
       
 -    
 ( )           
       :
  :       -     

  :   -      
 '  
  :      
        :
 :13
            

  :       
 ,      
   
 
        :
    
    ' 
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   
     
         ,     
  
5.    :
        , 15
       
   :
a)  :
           
     ( )     
    
b)  :
-        
  
          
  
c)  :
-  ,         
     - '    - ' 
 () 
d)   :
          '   

          
 
e)   :
    (  )       
 
        '    ,  
     
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f)  :
-            
 
         
           ,   
            
:        
 
     ,  
          
         :
1. :       ,    ,
       -    
-    
2.  :            
   ,        
         
3.  :     , ,       '
             
  
4. : -        ,   '
              - 
    
5.     :     
             
        
6.    :          
         ,   
        
7.  :           
  ,           
   
8.  :           

      
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9.   :       
  '    ,       
     
10.   :     -     
'      ,        
            
          1469 .      
          ,    
               
,     
   ,      
,      
             :
  ,    
-   
      ()  
     
     ()  
  '        '  
  ,            
 '       15
       
         
  ,           ,  ,
 ,             
             , 
    ,               
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-
5.            
:              
   1606            
               
,   
   
1. -  :
             - 
       ()   ()  
           
 
   
 ,      
    ,         
 '  
 ,         
       
 
  ,       :
1.    ( ) 
 
2.    ( ) 
 
                 
     ,           
2.    :
        
" "      "   "
 1606      ( )    
 
        :
             
  
         
          
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         -      

          
,    
      
3.     :
              
              
  
?
     
        
        :
  52        
              

              
 
         
      
   ,  -  
              
    ,         
4.     :
    ,            
    ,       
 :
   (1634)
   (1635)
   (1635)
         '        
        
5.    :
               
        
     :
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 :           
 :         
                 
     
6.     :
         ,        
    :
    (   )   '  
      ( )    
            '  
 
            
,    
7.   ' :
         '   :
             
,   
-        
"-"   ,      '   
            
  -            
 
8.     :
          :
   - ,     () ' 
       
   ()           

     
,       
       
9.    :
  ,      :
   ()    
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    -         

   
            
10.    :
             :
           -   
()  
 -      (     )  
  
               
11. - :
      ,          
 :
      
         
         '  
 
          
,     
         
12.    :
          '     :
  1699          
   18
          
  19
             
   
          , -   
         
:
                
17
       ,   '    
    
 
        :
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1. -   -
2.    
3.    
4.    
5.    
6.       
7.     
          
,      
              
               
              
      '      ' 
           
             
,  - 
                 
 ,         
             
  ,                
    
 ,              
              
             
           
6.          
:1450  1708        ,    
      ,     -      ,  
'       ,  ,     
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  -  
 , 15
           
 '     -         
 
, 
    ,  ,     
'              ,  
    
  
,               
     1606     ,          
             ,   
               
    ,        
        '      ,  
         - (  
)               
       , 
       
      (
     
   ,           
         
       
          ,     
  ,            
 
         '  ,     
        -   
             ,   
1675                 
            
      
 ,     ,  1699        
             
                  
               , 
 '            (
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                 
           ,    1708
                ,
              ,   , 
      
          

                
               ,   
,   ,            
       '        
   
     ,        
           
-
7.              
:   (1666-1708)              
           17
    18

               
   ,          
  
 :
   
        ,    :
1.   : 1526         
        ,   ( 1658-1707)
    ,         
    
2.   :           
               
  
35
Easy2Siksha
3.  : 15
          ,
              
   ,      
,              :
   :
1.      :
     1666  ,       ,  ,
    1675 ,      9   ,    
   '             ' 
          
             
              
         
2.     :
       ,          
      
        ,
                  
 
  ,      , -      
                
      
3.   :
-       ,       
   '            
         
   ,    '         ,
                
        
4.     :
        .        
     ,       
        :
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   (1688):  ,    '     
, 
      ,       
     (1700-1704):       -
             
-  
   (1704):    ,       
                
        
5.   :
1699 ,     ,          
    
           
             ,  
       
6.        :
      ,         
        (  ) ,      
                 
    -     
          
   
    ,           

7.     :
1707      ,         
                
              
,         .       1708  
 '           
    :
1.  :
      ,          
'               
 
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2.   :
-     ,          
              
      '        
 
3.   :
              , 
              :
      :          ,
        
       :  ,      
,     
   (1688):           
       
4.     :
               
  ,     ,           
               
5. - :
              
   
    ,   '           
  
       :
1.     :         
   '        
             
        
2.   :          ,    
      ,      
         
 
3.  :       ,  ' 
               
    
      
    - 
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4.  :            
  '         , - (-) 
    ,         '  
5.  :       
,   
          '    
        
6.   :     ,      
,            
         
:
               17
    18
           -
              
                 
              
    
 ,   '       
         
            ,  
               
            '  , 
   -            
                -
      
8.           
:       ,         
             ,   
   ,      -     
   
     
           1699     
               
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     -     ,     
         (   )  
              , 
              
      
          
,    '   
          ,   '   
-     '         
 
           -,  
 '      '  
    
          (  )    
                
  ,          ,   
        
   ,   
    
                 
           , 
        '       
          ,       
 
     
               
 ,        ,        , 
             
 
             14  
       ,        
             ,   
        ,        

                 -
              ;     
             
  
                
   ,            
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Easy2Siksha
  ,               
    ,            
     
                
   (     )        
                
 ,           
       
       -         
         
  ,      
      -         ,   , -
  ,        -       
  ,                
             
              
       
               
 ,       ,        
            
,       -       , 
                    


              
 
          , ,  ,
                  
 ,            
  ,           
   ,            

        ,    
:      Ai      ( )       
        , 
  '         